How long did the julio claudian dynasty last

The Temple of Dendur. Terracotta bowl Signed by Perennius Tigranus as owner. Marble statue of a member of the imperial family. Bronze statue of an aristocratic boy. Sard ring stone. Banded agate amphoriskos perfume bottle. Marble portrait of the emperor Augustus. Gold ring with carnelian intaglio portrait of Tiberius. Marble portrait bust of the emperor Gaius, known as Caligula. Sardonyx cameo portrait of the Emperor Augustus.

Marble funerary altar. Marble head of a deity wearing a Dionysiac fillet. Marble calyx-krater with reliefs of maidens and dancing maenads. Carnelian intaglio of a gladiator fighting a lion. Marble statue of an old woman.

Rosso antico torso of a centaur. Marble pilaster with acanthus scrolls. Marble cinerary urn. Bronze portrait bust of a Roman matron. Marble disk with a herm of Dionysus in relief. Marble statue of Herakles seated on a rock.

Citation Department of Greek and Roman Art. Sutorius Macro, Caligula asserted himself as sole Emperor, though he later had Macro killed as well. Aemilius Lepidus, husband of his sister Julia Drusilla, as his heir. Cassius Longinus killed. The successful attempt was hatched by the disgruntled Praetorian Guard with backing by the Senate.

The conspirators wished to restore the Roman Republic. On 24 January 41 AD, the Praetorian tribune Cassius Chaerea and his men stopped Caligula alone in an underground passage below the Palatine and stabbed him to death. Despite his lack of political experience and the disapproval of the people of Rome, Claudius proved to be an able administrator and a great builder of public works. He was also an ambitious builder, constructing many new roads, aqueducts, and canals.

His reign saw the Empire expand, including his important invasion of Britain in 43 AD, which strengthened his relationship with the Roman Army. Suetonius accused Claudius of being dominated by women and wives, and of being a womanizer. Claudius married four times, after two failed betrothals. He divorced his first two wives for adultery and put his third wife, Valeria Messalina, to death on charges of treason.

Messalina gave him two children, Britannicus and Claudia Octavia. His final marriage was to his niece, Agrippina the Younger, which was politically motivated to shore up his position as Emperor and provide him with an heir that was of age, with Britannicus still too young. Agrippina was accused of poisoning Claudius. Nero was sixteen when he became Emperor. In 55 AD, Nero began taking on a more active role as an administrator. He was consul four times between 55 and 60 AD.

Nero consolidated power over time through the execution and banishment of his rivals and slowly usurped authority from the Senate. He reportedly arranged the death of his own mother, Agrippina, and after divorcing his wife Claudia Octavia, daughter of Claudius, he had her killed. The Great Fire of Rome occured in 64 AD and Nero enacted a public relief effort as well as large reconstruction projects.

To fund this, the provinces were heavily taxed following the fire. This was followed by Pisonian conspiracy, led by C. The transitional point seems to center around an illness Caligula experienced in October of 37 CE. It is unclear whether the incident was merely an illness, or if Caligula had been poisoned.

Either way, following the incident, the young emperor began dealing with what he considered to be serious threats, by killing or exiling those who were close to him. During the remainder of his reign, he worked to increase the personal power of the emperor during his short reign, and devoted much of his attention to ambitious construction projects and luxurious dwellings for himself.

In 38 CE, Caligula focused his attention on political and public reform. He also allowed new members into the equestrian and senatorial orders. Perhaps most significantly, he restored the practice of democratic elections, which delighted much of the public but was a cause for concern among the aristocracy. In order to to restock the treasury, Caligula began falsely accusing, fining, and even killing individuals in order to seize their estates.

He also asked the public to lend the state money, and raised taxes on lawsuits, weddings, and prostitution, as well as auctioning the lives of gladiators at shows. Wills that left items to Tiberius were also reinterpreted as having left said items to Caligula. Centurions who had acquired property by plunder were also forced to turn over their spoils to the state, and highway commissioners were accused of incompetence and embezzlement and forced to repay money that they might not have taken in the first place.

Around the same time, a brief famine occurred, possibly as a result of the financial crisis, though its causes remain unclear. Despite financial difficulties, Caligula began a number of construction projects during this time.

He initiated the construction of two aqueducts in Rome, Awua Claudia and Anio Novus, which were considered contemporary engineering marvels. In 39 CE, he ordered the construction of a temporary floating bridge between the resort of Baiae and the port of Puteoli, which rivaled the bridge Persian king Xerxes had constructed across the Hellespont. Caligula had two large ships constructed for himself that were among the largest constructed in the ancient world. The larger of the two was essentially an elaborate floating palace with marble floors and plumbing.

He also improved the harbors at Rhegium and Sicily, which allowed for increased grain imports from Egypt, possibly in response to the famine Rome experienced. During his reign, the Empire annexed the Kingdom of Mauretania as a province. Mauretania had previously been a client kingdom ruled by Ptolemy of Mauretania. Details on how and why Mauretania was ultimately annexed remain unclear. Ptolemy was had been invited to Rome by Caligula and suddenly executed in what was seemingly a personal political move, rather than a calculated response to military of economic needs.

However, Roman possession of Mauretania ultimately proved to be a boon to the territory, as the subsequent rebellion of Tacfarinas demonstrated how exposed the African Proconsularis was on its western borders.